R Programming Language (Analysis Software for Statistics & Data Science)
R is a programming language and software that is becoming increasingly popular in the disciplines of statistics and data science.
R is a dialect of the S programming language and was developed by Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman in the year 1995. A stable beta version was released in the year 2000.
The R software is completely free and gets developed collaboratively by its community (open source software) – every R user can publish new add-on packages.
The open source ideology of R programming reflects a huge contrast compared to most traditional programming environments (e.g. SAS, SPSS, Stata etc.), where the software development is in the hands of a payed development team.
All R Tutorials on statisticsglobe.com
In the following, you can find a list of R tutorials on statisticsglobe.com. In the tutorials, I’m explaining statistical concepts and provide reproducible example codes in R.
abline Function in R (6 Examples)
Access Index Names of List Using lapply Function in R (Example)
Add & Subtract Days to & from Date in R (2 Examples)
Add & Subtract Months & Years to/from Date Object in R (2 Examples)
Add Axes to Plot Using axis Function in R (4 Examples)
Add Bold & Italic Text to ggplot2 Plot in R (4 Examples)
Add Color Between Two Points of Kernel Density Plot in R (Example)
Add Common Legend to Combined ggplot2 Plots in R (Example)
Add Confidence Band to ggplot2 Plot in R (Example)
Add Count & Percentage Labels on Top of Histogram Bars in R (2 Examples)
Add Count Labels on Top of ggplot2 Barchart in R (Example)
Add Greek Symbols to ggplot2 Plot in R (2 Examples)
Add Header to Data Frame in R (Example)
Add Image to Plot in R (Example) | Draw Picture on Top of Graph Using ggplot2 & patchwork Packages
Add Index ID to Data Frame in R (3 Examples)
Add Individual Text to Each Facet of ggplot2 Plot in R (Example)
Add Inset on Top of Previous Plot Using inset_element Function in R (Example)
Add Key Value Pair to List in R (2 Examples)
Add Label to Straight Line in ggplot2 Plot in R (2 Examples)
Add Labels at Ends of Lines in ggplot2 Line Plot in R (Example)
Add Leading Zeros in R (Example)
Add Legend to Plot in Base R (8 Examples)
Add Legend without Border & White Background to Plot in R (Example)
Add Marginal Plot to ggplot2 Scatterplot Using ggExtra Package in R (5 Examples)
Add Mean & Median to Histogram in R (4 Examples)
Add Multiple New Columns to data.table in R (Example)
Add New Column to Data Frame in R
Add New Line to Text File in R (Example)
Add New Row at Specific Index Position to Data Frame in R (Example)
Add New Row to Data Frame in R (2 Examples)
Add New Variable to Data Frame Based On Other Columns in R (2 Examples)
Add Panel Border to ggplot2 Plot in R (Example)
Add Prefix to Column Names in R (Example)
Add Regression Line to ggplot2 Plot in R (Example) | Draw Linear Slope to Scatterplot
Add Row to Empty Data Frame in R (Example)
Add Subscript and Superscript to Plot in R (3 Examples)
Add Table to ggplot2 Plot in R (Example)
Add Text to ggplot2 Plot in R (3 Examples)
Add Text to Plot Using text() Function in Base R (3 Examples)
Add Time to Date Object in R (Example)
Add Vertical & Horizontal Line to gglot2 Plot in R (4 Examples)
Add X & Y Axis Labels to ggplot2 Plot in R (Example)
Adjust Space Between ggplot2 Axis Labels and Plot Area in R (2 Examples)
Aggregate Daily Data to Month & Year Intervals in R (2 Examples)
aggregate Function in R (3 Examples)
all_equal Function of dplyr R Package (2 Examples)
Annotate Multiple Lines of Text to ggplot2 Plot in R (Example)
Annotate Text Outside of ggplot2 Plot in R (Example)
Append to Data Frame in Loop in R (2 Examples) | Add Column / Row in for-Loop
Append to List in Loop in R (Example) | Add Element in while- & for-Loops
Append to Vector in Loop in R (Example) | Add Value in while- & for-Loops
Append Value to Vector in R (4 Examples)
Apply Function to data.table in Each Specified Column in R (Example)
Apply Function to Every Row of Data Frame or Matrix in R (Example)
Apply Function to Every Row of Data Using dplyr Package in R | rowwise Function Explained
apply Functions in R (6 Examples) | lapply, sapply, vapply, tapply & mapply
Apply unique Function to Multiple Columns in R (2 Examples)
apropos & find Functions in R (2 Examples)
arrange Function of dplyr R Package (2 Examples)
Arrange List of ggplot2 Plots in R (Example)
as.Date Function in R (Example)
as.double & is.double Functions in R (2 Examples)
as.name & is.name Functions in R (2 Examples)
as.tbl & is.tbl R Functions of dplyr Package (2 Examples)
asp in R Plot (2 Example Codes) | Set Aspect Ratio of Scatterplot & Barplot
Assign Column Names Based On Existing Row in R (2 Examples)
Assign Fixed Colors to Categorical Variable in ggplot2 Plot in R (Example)
assign Function in R (2 Examples)
Assign Value to Elements in Certain Range in R (Example)
Assignment Operators in R (3 Examples) | Comparing = vs. <- vs. <<-
attach & detach Functions in R | 2 Examples: Data Frame & Package
attr, attributes & structure Functions in R | 4 Examples (get, remove & set)
Avoid for-Loop in R? (Alternatives) | Using lapply Function Instead
Barplot in R (8 Examples) | How to Create Barchart & Bargraph in RStudio
Bernoulli Distribution in R (4 Examples) | dbern, pbern, qbern & rbern Functions
Beta Distribution in R (4 Examples) | dbeta, pbeta, qbeta & rbeta Functions
between Function of dplyr R Package (2 Examples)
bind_rows & bind_cols R Functions of dplyr Package (2 Examples)
Binomial Distribution in R (4 Examples) | dbinom, pbinom, qbinom & rbinom Functions
Boxplot in R (9 Examples) | Create a Box-and-Whisker Plot in RStudio
break & next Functions in R for-loop (2 Examples)
c() Function in R (2 Examples)
Calculate Combinations & Permutations in R (4 Examples)
Calculate Correlation Matrix Only for Numeric Columns in R (2 Examples)
Calculate Critical t-Value in R (3 Examples)
Calculate Euclidean Norm of Vector in R (Example)
Calculate Moving Average, Maximum, Median & Sum of Time Series in R (6 Examples)
Calculate Percentage in R (2 Examples)
Calculate Square in R (4 Examples)
case_when & cases Functions in R (2 Examples)
Cauchy Density in R (4 Examples) | dcauchy, pcauchy, qcauchy & rcauchy Functions
cbind R Command | 3 Example Codes (Data Frame, Vector & Multiple Columns)
Change Axis Labels of Boxplot in R (2 Examples)
Change Background Color of ggplot2 Plot in R (3 Examples)
Change Background Color of ggplot2 Text Label Annotation in R (Example)
Change Color of ggplot2 Boxplot in R (3 Examples)
Change Color, Shape & Size of One Data Point in Plot (Base R & ggplot2)
Change Colors in ggplot2 Line Plot in R (Example)
Change Colors of Axis Labels & Values of Base R Plot (2 Examples)
Change Colors of Bars in ggplot2 Barchart in R (2 Examples)
Change Colors of Ranges in ggplot2 Heatmap in R (2 Examples)
Change Default Working Directory in R & RStudio (Step-by-Step Example)
Change Display Order of ggplot2 Plot Legend in R (Example)
Change Fill and Border Color of ggplot2 Plot in R (Example)
Change Font of Plot in R (3 Examples)
Change Font Size of ggplot2 Facet Grid Labels in R (Example)
Change Font Size of ggplot2 Plot in R (5 Examples) | Axis Text, Main Title & Legend
Change Format of Dates in R (4 Examples)
Change Formatting of Numbers of ggplot2 Plot Axis in R (Example)
Change ggplot2 Color & Fill Using scale_brewer Functions & RColorBrewer Package in R
Change Index Numbers of Data Frame Rows in R (2 Examples)
Change Labels of ggplot2 Facet Plot in R (Example)
Change Legend Labels of ggplot2 Plot in R (2 Examples)
Change Legend Size in Base R Plot (2 Examples)
Change Legend Title in ggplot2 (2 Example Codes) | Modify Text of ggplot Legends
Change Line Width in ggplot2 Plot in R (Example)
Change Point Size in ggplot2 Scatterplot in R (2 Examples)
Change Position of ggplot Title in R (4 Examples) | Adjust to Center, Right-Aligned or Vertical Positioning
Change Row Names of Data Frame or Matrix in R (4 Examples)
Change Space & Width of Bars in ggplot2 Barplot in R (2 Examples)
Change Spacing Between Horizontal Legend Items of ggplot2 Plot in R (Example)
Change Spacing of Axis Tick Marks in Base R Plot (2 Examples)
Change Y-Axis to Percentage Points in ggplot2 Barplot in R (2 Examples)
Check Existence of Local File in R (2 Examples)
Check if Column Exists in Data Frame in R (Example)
Check if Number is Integer in R (3 Examples)
Check if Object is Defined (exists in R) | 4 Examples: Vector, Variable, Function, Error
Check if Package is Missing and Install Automatically (R Programming Example)
Check If Two Data Frames are the Same in R (2 Examples)
Check in R if a Directory Exists and Create if It doesn't (Programming Example)
Chi Square Distribution in R (4 Examples) | dchisq, pchisq, qchisq & rchisq Functions
Clear All Plots in RStudio Using R Code (Example)
Clear Data Object from Workspace in R (3 Examples) | rm & remove Functions
Clear R and RStudio Console (2 Examples)
coalesce R Function of dplyr Package (2 Examples)
Color Scatterplot Points in R (2 Examples)
Coloring Plot by Factor in R (2 Examples)
colSums, rowSums, colMeans & rowMeans in R | 5 Example Codes + Video
Combine Multiple ggplot2 Legends in R (Example)
combine R Function of dplyr Package (2 Examples)
Combine Two Data Frames with Different Variables by Rows in R (Example)
Combine Two ggplot2 Plots from Different Data Frames in R (Example)
Combine Two Vectors into Data Frame or Matrix in R (2 Examples)
Comment Out Block of Code in R (3 Examples)
Common Main Title for Multiple Plots in Base R & ggplot2 (2 Examples)
Compare Character Strings with Logical Operator Conditionally in R (3 Examples)
Compare Vectors and Find Differences in R (5 Examples)
Complete Cases in R (3 Programming Examples)
Compute Mean of Data Frame Column in R (6 Examples)
Compute z-score in R (2 Examples)
Concatenate Two Matrices in R (2 Examples)
Concatenate Vector of Character Strings in R (2 Examples) | How to Combine Text Cases
Conditionally Remove Row from Data Frame in R (3 Examples) | How to Delete Rows
Continuous Uniform Distribution in R (4 Examples) | dunif, punif, qunif & runif Functions
Control Line Color & Type in ggplot2 Plot Legend in R (Example)
Control Point Border Thickness of ggplot2 Scatterplot in R (Example)
Control Size of ggplot2 Legend Items in R (Example) | How to Adjust Symbols
Control the Size of the Points in a Scatterplot in R (Example)
Convert All Character String Variables in Data Frame to Uppercase in R (Example)
Convert Categorical Variable to Numeric in R (2 Examples)
Convert Character Matrix to Numeric in R (Example)
Convert Character String to Date Object in R (Example)
Convert Character String to Variable Name in R (2 Examples)
Convert Character to Factor in R (3 Examples)
Convert Column Classes of Data Table in R (2 Examples)
Convert Data Frame Column to Numeric in R (2 Examples) | Change Factor, Character & Integer
Convert Data Frame Column to Vector in R (3 Examples)
Convert Data Frame Columns to List Elements in R (2 Examples)
Convert Data Frame Row to Vector in R (Example)
Convert Data Frame Rows to List in R (Example)
Convert Data Frame to Matrix in R (2 Examples)
Convert Data Frame with Date Column to Time Series Object in R (Example)
Convert data.frame to data.table in R (Example)
Convert Date to Day of Week in R (3 Examples) | How to Find the Weekday
Convert Date to Numeric Time Object in R (Example)
Convert Dates to Year/Quarter Format in R (3 Examples)
Convert Factor to Character Class in R (3 Examples) | Change Vector & Data Frame Column
Convert Factor to Date in R (2 Examples)
Convert Factor to Dummy Indicator Variables for Every Level in R (Example)
Convert List of Vectors to Data Frame in R (2 Examples)
Convert List to Lowercase or Uppercase in R (2 Examples)
Convert List to Vector in R (2 Examples)
Convert Logical to Dummy Vector in R (2 Examples)
Convert Matrix to Data Frame in R (2 Examples)
Convert Matrix to List of Column-Vectors in R (2 Examples)
Convert Matrix to Vector in R (3 Examples)
Convert Name of Data Object to Character String in R (Example)
Convert Named Vector to Data Frame in R (Example)
Convert Nested Lists to Data Frame or Matrix in R (2 Examples)
Convert Numeric Values to Month Names & Abbreviations R (2 Examples)
Convert Row Names into Column of Data Frame in R (Example)
Convert Table to Data Frame in R (Example)
Convert UNIX Timestamp to Date Object in R (2 Examples)
Convert Values in Column into Row Names of Data Frame in R (Example)
Convert Vector to List in R (Example)
Convert Vector to Matrix in R (Example)
Correlation Matrix in R (3 Examples)
Count NA Values in R (3 Examples)
Count Non-Zero Values in Vector & Data Frame Columns in R (2 Examples)
Count Number of Cases within Each Group of Data Frame in R (Example) | Counting Rows
Count Number of Characters in String in R (2 Examples)
Count Number of List Elements in R (2 Examples)
Count Number of Occurrences of Certain Character in String in R (2 Examples)
Count Number of Rows by Group Using dplyr Package in R (Example)
Count Number of Values in Range in R (Example)
Count Number of Words in Character String in R (Example)
Count Observations by Factor Level in R (3 Examples)
Count TRUE Values in Logical Vector in R (2 Examples)
Count Unique Values by Group in R (3 Examples)
Count Unique Values in R (3 Examples) | Frequency of Vector or Column
Create a Histogram in Base R (8 Examples) | hist Function Tutorial
Create Categories Based On Integer & Numeric Range in R (2 Examples)
Create Color Range Between Two Colors in R (Example)
Create Comma Separated Vector in R (Example)
Create Data Frame of Unequal Lengths in R (Example)
Create Data Frame Row by Row in R (2 Examples)
Create Data Frame where a Column is a List in R (Example)
Create Data Frame with n Rows & m Columns in R (Example)
Create Data Frame with Spaces in Column Names in R (Example)
Create Distinct Color Palette in R (5 Examples)
Create Dummy Variable in R (3 Examples)
Create Empty Data Frame in R (2 Examples)
Create Empty Matrix in R (Example)
Create ggplot2 Histogram in R (7 Examples) | geom_histogram Function
Create Heatmap in R (3 Examples) | Base R, ggplot2 & plotly Package
Create Kernel Density Plot in R (7 Examples) | density() Function
Create Lagged Variable by Group in R (Example)
Create Legend in ggplot2 Plot in R (2 Examples)
Create List of Data Frames in R (Example)
Create List of Installed Packages in R (Example)
Create List of Vectors in R (Example)
Create Matrix that Only Contains Zeros in R (2 Examples)
Create Nested List in R (2 Examples)
Create Plot Window of Particular Size in R & RStudio (3 Examples)
Create Random Matrix in R (Example)
Create Sequence of Repeated Values in R (Example) | Replicate N Times
Create Variable Name Using paste() Function in R (Example)
Create Vector with Intervals in R (2 Examples)
cumall, cumany & cummean R Functions of dplyr Package (3 Examples)
cumsum R Function Explained (Example for Vector, Data Frame, by Group & Graph)
Cumulative Frequency & Probability Table in R (2 Examples)
cut Function in R (Example)
data.table Package in R | Tutorial & Programming Examples
Deal with Special Characters in Functions (2 Examples)
DescTools Package in R | Tutorial & Programming Examples
Detach All User-Installed Packages in R (Example)
Determine Classes of All Data Frame Columns (2 Examples)
Determine Memory Usage of Data Objects in R (2 Examples)
Determine Path of Current Script in R (Example)
diff Function in R (2 Examples) | How to Calculate the Difference in R
Difference Between facet_grid & facet_wrap ggplot2 Functions in R (2 Examples)
Difference Between library & require in R (2 Examples)
Difference Between Single & Double Square Brackets in R (3 Examples)
Difference of Global & Local Variables in R (2 Examples)
Different Colors of Points & Lines in Base R Plot Legend (Example)
dir R Function | 3 Example Codes
Disable Messages when Loading a Package in R (Example)
Disable Scientific Notation in R (2 Examples) | How to Prevent Exponential Numbers
Display All X-Axis Labels of Barplot in R (2 Examples)
Display Large Numbers Separated with Comma in R (2 Examples)
Display Only Integer Values on ggplot2 Axis in R (Example)
Display Only Values in Plot in R (2 Examples)
dist Function in R (4 Examples) | Compute Euclidean & Manhattan Distance
Distance Along Rhumb Line in R (Example)
distinct R Function of dplyr Package (Example)
Divide Each Row of Matrix & Data Frame by Vector Elements in R (2 Examples)
Divide Legend of ggplot2 Plot in R (Example)
Divide One Column of Data Frame Through Another in R (2 Examples)
do.call & call Functions in R (3 Examples)
Don't Display Data Frame Row Names in R (Example)
Don't Display Quotes when Printing Character String to R Console (3 Examples)
dplyr mutate Function with Logical ifelse Condition in R (2 Examples)
dplyr Package in R | Tutorial & Programming Examples
Draw Boxplot with Means in R (2 Examples)
Draw Composition of Plots Using the patchwork Package in R (3 Examples)
Draw Dates to X-Axis of Plot in R (2 Examples) | Time Series in Base R & ggplot2 Graph
Draw ggplot2 Legend at the Bottom & with Two Rows in R (Example)
Draw ggplot2 Legend without Plot in R (Example)
Draw ggplot2 Plot of Data Frame Subset in R (3 Examples)
Draw ggplot2 Plot with Lines and Points in R (Example)
Draw ggplot2 Plot with Two Y-Axes in R (Example) | Different Scale on Each Side
Draw Grouped Barplot in R (3 Examples)
Draw Histogram with Logarithmic Scale in R (3 Examples)
Draw Histogram with Percentages Instead of Frequency Counts in Base R
Draw Legend Outside of Plot Area in Base R Graphic (Example Code)
Draw Multiple Boxplots in One Graph in R Side-by-Side (4 Examples)
Draw Multiple Function Curves to Same Plot in R (2 Examples)
Draw Multiple ggplot2 Plots Side-by-Side (R Programming Example)
Draw Multiple Graphs & Lines in Same Plot in R (Example)
Draw Multiple lattice Plots in One Window in R (Example)
Draw Multiple Overlaid Histograms with ggplot2 Package in R (Example)
Draw Multiple Time Series in Same Plot in R (2 Examples)
Draw Multiple Variables as Lines to Same ggplot2 Plot in R (2 Examples)
Draw Plot of Function Curve in R (2 Examples)
Draw Plot with Actual Values as Axis Ticks & Labels in R (2 Examples)
Draw Plot with Confidence Intervals in R (2 Examples)
Draw Plot with Two Y-Axes in R (Example)
Draw Scatterplot with Labels in R (3 Examples) | Base R & ggplot2
Draw Stacked Barplot in R (3 Examples)
Draw Time Series Plot with Events Using ggplot2 Package in R (Example)
Draw Unbalanced Grid of ggplot2 Plots in R (Example)
Draw Vertical Line to X-Axis of Class Date in ggplot2 Plot in R (Example)
Drop Multiple Columns from Data Frame Using dplyr Package in R (Example)
droplevels R Example | How to Drop Factor Levels of Vector & Data Frame
ecdf in R (Example) | Compute & Plot the Empirical Cumulative Distribution Function
Error in model.frame.default : 'data' must be a data.frame, environment, or list
Error: attempt to apply non-function in R (2 Examples)
Error: Coerce List Object to Type Double in R (2 Examples)
Error: Unexpected ',' or '=' or ')' in R (Examples) | How to Reproduce & Fix
Estimate Linear Model with Fixed Intercept in R (2 Examples)
Execution Pause for X Seconds in R (Example)
Exponential Distribution in R (4 Examples) | dexp, pexp, qexp & rexp Functions
Export CSV File without Row Names in R (Example)
Export List to CSV or TXT File in R (2 Examples)
Export Multiple Data Frames to Different Excel Worksheets in R (2 Examples)
Export Nicely-Formatted Data Frame in R (2 Examples)
Export Plot to EPS File in R (2 Examples)
Export Plot to File Using grid.arrange Function in R (2 Examples)
Extend Contingency Table with Proportions & Percentages in R (4 Examples)
Extract & Count Unique Values in Each Column of Data Frame in R (2 Examples)
Extract Certain Columns of Data Frame in R (4 Examples)
Extract Column of dplyr Tibble in R (Example)
Extract Data Frame Rows that do not Match Logical Condition in R (Example)
Extract data.table Column as Vector Using Index Position in R (Example)
Extract Day from Date in R (Example)
Extract Default Color Palette of ggplot2 R Package (Example)
Extract Every nth Element of a Vector in R (Example)
Extract F-Statistic, Number of Predictor Variables/Categories & Degrees of Freedom from Linear Regression Model in R
Extract File & Directory Name from Path in R (2 Examples)
Extract First N Rows of Data Frame in R (3 Examples)
Extract First or Last n Characters from String in R (3 Examples) | Get Leading & Trailing Chars
Extract Frequency Counts from Histogram in R (Example)
Extract Hours, Minutes & Seconds from Date & Time Object in R (Example)
Extract Just Number from Named Numeric Vector in R (3 Examples)
Extract Month from Date in R (Example)
Extract Most Common Values from Vector in R (Example)
Extract Multiple & Adjusted R-Squared from Linear Regression Model in R (2 Examples)
Extract Names of List Elements in R (2 Examples)
Extract Numbers from Character String Vector in R (2 Examples)
Extract Regression Coefficients of Linear Model in R (Example)
Extract Residuals & Sigma from Linear Regression Model in R (3 Examples)
Extract Row from Data Frame in R (2 Examples)
Extract Significance Stars & Levels from Linear Regression Model in R (Example)
Extract Single Column as Data Frame in R (3 Examples)
Extract Single Element from Data Frame in R (2 Examples)
Extract Standard Error, t-Value & p-Value from Linear Regression Model in R (4 Examples)
Extract Subset of Data Frame Rows Containing NA in R (2 Examples)
Extract Substring Before or After Pattern in R (2 Examples)
Extract Unique Values in R (3 Examples)
Extract Values & Names from table Object in R (2 Examples)
Extract Values from Matrix by Column & Row Names in R (3 Examples)
Extract Year & Month from yearmon Object in R (2 Examples)
Extract Year from Date in R (Example)
F Distribution in R (4 Examples) | df, pf, qf & rf Functions
filter R Function of dplyr Package (Example)
Find & Count Exact Matches in Character String Vector in R (3 Examples)
Find Common Elements from Multiple Vectors in R (Example)
Find Common Rows Between Two Data Frames in R (2 Examples)
Find Earliest & Latest Date in R (Example)
Find Index of Element in Vector in R (2 Examples)
Find Index of Maximum & Minimum Value of Vector & Data Frame Row in R (2 Examples)
Find Index Position of First Non-NA Value in R (Example)
Find Max & Min Length of Character Strings in Columns in R (4 Examples)
Find Out Which Package Version is Loaded in R (Example Code)
Find Position of Character in String in R (3 Examples) | Identify Location
Find Rows in First Data Frame that are not in Second in R (Example)
Find Transparent Equivalent of Color in R (2 Examples)
Find Unique Combinations of All Elements from Two Vectors in R (2 Examples)
Find Unique Values in List in R (Example)
Find Values Contained in First Vector but not Another in R (2 Examples)
Fit Smooth Curve to Plot of Data in R (Example)
Fitting Polynomial Regression Model in R (3 Examples)
Fix Aspect Ratio in ggplot2 Plot in R (2 Examples)
Fix R Error: '\U' used without hex digits in character string starting ""C:\U"
for-Loop in R (10 Examples) | Writing, Running & Using Loops in RStudio
for-Loop Index in R (2 Examples)
for-Loop Only Returns Last Value in R (2 Examples)
for-Loop with Increments in R (Example) | Increment by Size / Step 2
for-Loop with Range in R (Example)
Force Plot Axes to Start at Zero in R (2 Examples)
Force R to Show Scientific Notation (2 Examples)
format Function in R (2 Examples)
Format Number as Percentage in R (3 Examples) | Express Numeric Values in Percent
Format Number of Decimal Places in R (2 Example Codes)
Gamma Distribution in R (4 Examples) | dgamma, pgamma, qgamma & rgamma Functions
Geometric Distribution in R (4 Examples) | dgeom, pgeom, qgeom & rgeom Functions
Geometric Mean in R (2 Examples)
Geospatial Distance Between Two Points in R (Example)
Get & Set Directory Path of Installed Packages Using libPaths Function in R (3 Examples)
Get & Set Working Directory in R (3 Examples) | getwd & setwd Functions
Get All Factor Levels of Vector & Data Frame Column in R (2 Examples)
Get Column Index in Data Frame by Variable Name in R (2 Examples)
Get Frequency of Elements with Certain Value in Vector (2 R Programming Examples)
Get Last Value of Vector in R (2 Examples)
Get Row Index Number in R (Example) | Find Indices in Data Frame
Get Row Indices where Data Frame Column has a Particular Value in R (2 Examples)
Get Second Lowest & Highest Value in R (2 Examples)
Get Second Sub Entry of Every List Element in R (Example)
Get Sum of Data Frame Column Values in R (2 Examples)
Get Value of Data Element without Name or Index in R (3 Examples)
Get Week Number of Date in R (2 Examples)
GGally Package in R | Tutorial & Programming Examples
ggplot2 Barplot with Axis Break & Zoom in R (2 Examples)
ggplot2 Error in R: "`data` must be a data frame, or other object coercible by `fortify()`, not an integer vector"
ggplot2 Error in R: Cannot use `+.gg()` with a single argument - new line?
ggplot2 Error in R: Must be Data Frame not S3 Object with Class Uneval
ggplot2 Plot in Script is not Displayed in R (Example)
ggplot2 Plot with Transparent Background in R (2 Examples)
ggplot2 Title & Subtitle with Different Size and Color in R (2 Examples)
ggplot2 Warning - geom_path: Each group consists of only one observation. Do you need to adjust the group aesthetic?
glm.fit Warning Messages in R: algorithm didn't converge & probabilities 0/1
Graphics in R (Gallery with Examples)
grep & grepl R Functions (3 Examples) | Match One or Multiple Patterns in Character String
Group Data Frame by Multiple Columns in R (Example)
Group data.table by Multiple Columns in R (Example)
Group Factor Levels in R (Example)
Handling '+' Sign in R Prompt / RStudio Console
Handling Errors & Warnings in R | List of Typical Messages & How to Solve
Harmonic Mean in R (2 Examples)
Haversine Great Circle Distance in R (Example)
How to Add New Elements to a List in R (Example)
How to Apply a Function to Each Element of a Matrix in R (2 Examples)
How to Catch an integer(0) in R (2 Examples)
How to cbind & rbind Vectors with Different Length in R (2 Examples)
How to Combine Lists in R (2 Examples)
How to Compute Euler's Number in R (Example)
How to Compute Summary Statistics by Group in R (3 Examples)
How to Convert a Character to Numeric in R
How to Convert a Factor to Numeric in R
How to Create a Range of Dates in R (Example)
How to Create a Vector of Zero Length in R (Example)
How to Create a Vector of Zeros in R (5 Examples)
How to Create a Venn Diagram in R (8 Examples)
How to Create an Empty Plot in R (2 Examples)
How to Delete a File Using R (Example)
How to Draw a Horizontal Barplot in R (2 Examples)
How to Extract the Intercept from a Linear Regression Model in R (Example)
How to Filter a Vector in R (Example)
How to Fix in R: Error in file(file, "rt") : cannot open the connection
How to Fix the R Error in stripchart.default(x1, ...) : invalid plotting method
How to Fix the R Error: bad restore file magic number (file may be corrupted) -- no data loaded
How to Rename a Column Name in R | 3 Examples to Change Colnames of a Data Frame
How to Save a Data Frame in R (Example)
How to Set Column Names within the aggregate Function in R (2 Examples)
How to Split a Date-Time Column into Separate Variables in R (Example)
How to Use R to Download File from Internet (Example)
Hypergeometric Distribution in R (4 Examples) | dhyper, phyper, qhyper & rhyper Functions
If Else Statement in R (4 Examples)
if_else R Function of dplyr Package (2 Examples)
Ignore Outliers in ggplot2 Boxplot in R (Example)
Import & Merge Multiple csv Files in R (Example)
Import Text File as Single Character String in R (Example)
Increase Font Size in Base R Plot (5 Examples)
Increase Space Between ggplot2 Facet Plot Panels in R (Example)
Increase Y-Axis Scale of Barplot in R (2 Examples)
Index Element of List in R (3 Examples)
Indexing Up to the End of Vector & Data Frame in R (2 Examples)
Insert Character Pattern at Particular Position of String in R (2 Examples)
Insert New Column Between Two Data Frame Variables in R (2 Examples)
Insert Rows for Missing Dates in R (Example)
Integrate Function in R (Example) | Using integrate() to Compute Integral
Introduction to ggpattern Package in R (6 Examples) | ggplot2 Plots with Textures
Introduction to ggvenn Package in R (4 Examples)
Introduction to the pacman Package in R (3 Examples)
Introduction to the patchwork Package in R (Example Codes)
Inverse of Matrix in R (Example)
IQR Function in R (2 Examples) | How to Compute the Interquartile Range
Join Data Frames with the R dplyr Package (9 Examples)
Keep Original Row Order when Merging Data (Example)
Keep Unused Factor Levels in ggplot2 Barplot in R (Example)
Law of Cosines Great Circle Distance in R (Example)
layout Function in R (3 Examples) | Arrange Grid of Plots in Base R
lead & lag R Functions of dplyr Package (2 Examples)
Left-Align Text in ggplot2 Plot in R (Example)
List All Column Names But One in R (2 Examples)
List All Files with Specific Extension in R (Example) | list.files Function
List Error in R - attempt to select less than one element in get1index real
List of Useful R Packages
Load Multiple Packages at Once in R (Example)
Locate & Extract Regular Expression Match in R (2 Examples)
log Function in R (5 Examples) | Natural, Binary & Common Logarithm
Log Normal Distribution in R (4 Examples) | dlnorm, plnorm, qlnorm & rlnorm Functions
Logistic Distribution in R (4 Examples) | dlogis, plogis, qlogis & rlogis Functions
Loop Through List in R (Example) | while- & for-Loop Over Lists
Loop Through Vector in R (Example) | Run while- & for-Loops Over Vectors
Loop with Character Vector in R (Example)
Loop with Multiple Conditions in R (2 Examples) | while- & for-Loops
Loops in R (Examples) | How to Write, Run & Use a Loop in RStudio
lowess() R Smoothing Function | 2 Example Codes for Normalization by Lowess Regression
match Function in R (4 Example Codes)
Match Wildcard Pattern and Character String in R (Example)
Matrix Multiplication Error in R: non-conformable arguments (2 Examples)
matrixStats Package in R | Tutorial & Programming Examples
Mean by Group in R (2 Examples) | dplyr Package vs. Base R
mean Function in R (4 Examples)
Meaning of $ Operator in R (2 Examples)
Measuring Execution Time of Function in R (Example Code)
Median Absolute Deviation in R (Example) | mad Function Explained
Median in R (5 Examples)
Meeus Great Circle Distance in R (Example)
Merge Data Frames by Column Names in R (3 Examples)
Merge Data Frames by Row Names in R (Example)
Merge Data Frames by Two ID Columns in R (2 Examples)
Merge Time Series in R (Example)
Merge Two data.table Objects in R (Example)
Merge Two Lists in R (Example)
Merge Two Matrices by Columns in R (2 Examples)
Merge Two Unequal Data Frames & Replace NA with 0 in R (Example)
message() vs. warning() vs. stop() Functions in R (4 Examples)
Mode in R (4 Programming Examples)
Modify Major & Minor Grid Lines of ggplot2 Plot in R (5 Examples)
Modify Numbers with Comma as Thousand Separator in R (2 Examples)
Move Axis Label Closer to Plot in Base R (2 Examples)
Move Column to First Position of Data Frame in R (2 Examples)
Move Position of Barplot Legend in R (Example)
Move Position of ggplot2 Legend in R (4 Examples)
Multiply Rows of Matrix by Vector in R (Example)
mutate & transmute R Functions of dplyr Package (2 Example Codes)
NA Omit in R | 3 Example Codes for na.omit (Data Frame, Vector & by Column)
na_if R Function of dplyr Package (2 Examples) | Convert Value to NA
Name Variables in for-Loop Dynamically in R (2 Examples)
names Function in R (2 Examples)
NaN in R Explained (Example Code) | is.nan Function, Count, Replace & Remove
near R Function of dplyr Package (2 Examples)
Negative Binomial Distribution in R (4 Examples) | dnbinom, pnbinom, qnbinom & rnbinom Functions
Nested ifelse Statement in R (2 Examples)
Nested Loop in R (2 Examples)
Normal Distribution in R (5 Examples) | dnorm, pnorm, qnorm & rnorm Functions
nth, first & last R Functions of dplyr Package (4 Examples)
Number of Months Between Two Dates in R (Example)
Numbering Rows within Groups of Data Frame in R (2 Examples)
Obtain List of Directories in R (2 Examples) | list.dirs Function Explained
Only Import Selected Columns of Data in R (2 Examples)
openxlsx Package in R | Tutorial & Programming Examples
optim Function in R (Example)
optimize Function in R (Example) | One Dimensional Optimization
Order Bars of ggplot2 Barchart in R (4 Examples)
Order Data Frame by Date in R (Example)
Order Data Frame Rows According to Vector in R (2 Examples)
Overlay Density Plots in Base R (2 Examples)
Overlay ggplot2 Boxplot with Line in R (Example)
Overlay ggplot2 Density Plots in R (2 Examples)
Overlay Histogram with Fitted Density Curve in Base R & ggplot2 Package (2 Examples)
Overlay Normal Density Curve on Top of ggplot2 Histogram in R (Example)
par Function in R (3 Examples)
parse, deparse & expression Functions in R | Handle Character String & Expression
Pass Data Frame Column Name to Function in R (Example)
paste & paste0 R Functions (4 Examples)
Paste Multiple Columns Together in R (2 Examples)
Pause R Script Until Key is Pressed in R (Example)
pivot_longer & pivot_wider Functions of tidyr Package in R (2 Examples)
Play Sound at End of R Script (2 Examples) | beep Function
Plot All Columns of Data Frame in R (3 Examples) | How to Draw Each Variable
Plot Data in R (8 Examples) | plot() Function
Plot Frequencies on Top of Stacked Bar Chart with ggplot2 in R (Example)
Plot Line in R (8 Examples) | Create Line Graph & Chart in RStudio
Plot Mean in ggplot2 Barplot in R (Example)
Plot Only One Variable in ggplot2 Plot in R (2 Examples)
Plot Only Text in R (2 Examples)
plotrix Package in R | Tutorial & Programming Examples
Plotting Categorical Variable with Percentage Points Instead of Counts on Y-Axis in R (2 Examples)
plyr Package in R | Tutorial & Programming Examples
Poisson Distribution in R (4 Examples) | dpois, ppois, qpois & rpois Functions
Position geom_text Labels in Grouped ggplot2 Barplot in R (Example)
print & cat Functions in R (3 Examples) | Return Data to RStudio Console
Print Character String & Variable on Same Output Line in R (3 Examples)
Print Character String to Newline of RStudio Console in R (Example)
Print Entire tibble to R Console (2 Examples)
Print First or Last Rows of Data Frame in R (4 Examples)
Print ggplot2 Plot within for-Loop in R (Example)
Print Output of Loop in R (Example) | Return Inside of while- & for-Loops
Print Time with Milliseconds in R (Example)
Probability Distributions in R (Examples) | PDF, CDF & Quantile Function
Proportions with dplyr Package in R (Example) | Create Relative Frequency Table
psych Package in R | Tutorial & Programming Examples
pull R Function of dplyr Package (2 Examples)
quantile Function in R (6 Examples)
Quantile-Quantile Plot in R (4 Examples) | qqplot, qqnorm & qqline Functions | ggplot2 Package
Quit & Restart Clean R Session from within R (Example)
R abs Function (6 Example Codes) | How to Calculate an Absolute Value
R attach Warning: The following objects are masked
R Capitalize First Letter of Each Word in Character String (3 Examples)
R cor Function Shows Only NA & 1 (2 Examples)
R dplyr & plyr Error: Can't rename columns that don't exist. (2 Examples)
R dplyr group_by & summarize Functions don't Work Properly (Example)
R Equivalent to COUNTIF in Excel (Example)
R Error - Multiplication requires numeric/complex matrix/vector arguments
R Error - Undefined Columns Selected when Subsetting Data Frame
R Error : 'names' attribute must be the same length as the vector
R Error in apply(data) : dim(X) must have a positive length
R Error in as.Date.numeric(X) : 'origin' must be supplied (2 Examples)
R Error in as.POSIXlt.character : string not standard unambiguous format
R Error in barplot.default() : 'height' must be a vector or a matrix (Example)
R Error in do_one(nmeth) : NA/NaN/Inf in foreign function call (arg 1)
R Error in file(file, "rt") : invalid 'description' argument (read.table & csv)
R Error in Function: Unused Argument (2 Examples)
R Error in hist.default : 'x' must be numeric (2 Examples)
R Error in lm.fit(x, y, offset, singular.ok , ...) : 0 (non-NA) cases (2 Examples)
R Error in lm.fit(x, y, offset, singular.ok, ...) : NA/NaN/Inf in 'x' (2 Examples)
R Error in plot.window(...) : need finite 'xlim' values (2 Examples)
R Error in read.table : more columns than column names (3 Examples)
R Error in read.table: duplicate 'row.names' are not allowed (3 Examples)
R Error in scan: Line 1 did not have X Elements (3 Examples)
R Error in setwd() : cannot change working directory (2 Examples)
R Error in solve.default() : Lapack routine dgesv: system is exactly singular
R Error in strsplit : non-character argument (Example)
R Error in xy.coords(x, y, xlabel, ylabel, log) : 'x' and 'y' length differ
R Error: `n()` must only be used inside dplyr verbs. (2 Examples)
R Error: 'R' is an unrecognized escape in character string starting ""C:R"
R Error: $-Operator is Invalid for Atomic Vectors (Examples)
R Error: Argument is of Length Zero (Example)
R Error: Arguments Imply Differing Number of Rows (2 Examples)
R Error: Cannot Allocate Vector of Size N GB (2 Examples) | How to Increase the Memory Limit
R Error: contrasts can be applied only to factors with 2 or more levels
R Error: Could not Find Function X (2 Examples)
R Error: incorrect number of dimensions (2 Examples)
R Error: incorrect number of subscripts on matrix (2 Examples)
R Error: Invalid Graphics State (2 Examples)
R Error: JAVA_HOME cannot be determined from the Registry (Example)
R Error: Non-numeric Argument to Binary Operator | How to Fix (Example)
R Error: Object of Type Closure is not Subsettable in R (2 Examples)
R Error: Object X not Found (2 Examples)
R Error: Package or Namespace Load Failed for ggplot2 & data.table
R Error: plot.new has not been called yet (2 Examples)
R Error: Replacement has X Rows, Data has Y (2 Examples)
R Error: Subscript Out of Bounds (Example)
R Error: unexpected '}' in Code (2 Examples)
R Error: Unexpected else in "else" (2 Examples)
R Error: Unexpected Input in X (2 Examples)
R Error: Unexpected Numeric Constant in X (2 Examples)
R Error: Unexpected SPECIAL in X (2 Examples)
R Error: Unexpected String Constant in X (2 Examples)
R Error: Unexpected Symbol in X (2 Examples)
R eval Function (3 Examples) | Evaluate Expressions & Character Strings
R File Extension (Explained) | How to Open an .r File in RStudio?
R Find Missing Values (6 Examples for Data Frame, Column & Vector)
R Functions List (+ Examples) | All Basic Commands of the R Programming Language
R ggplot2 Error: Aesthetics must be either length 1 or the same as the data
R ggplot2 Error: Continuous value supplied to discrete scale (2 Examples)
R ggplot2 Error: Discrete Value Supplied to Continuous Scale (2 Examples)
R ggplot2 Error: Don't know how to automatically pick scale for object type
R ggplot2 Error: geom_point requires the following missing aesthetics: x, y
R ggplot2 Error: Mapping should be created with `aes()` or `aes_()`.
R ggplot2 Error: stat_count() must not be used with a y aesthetic (Example)
R ggplot2 Warning Message - Use of data$X is discouraged. Use X instead
R ggplot2 Warning Message: Removed rows containing missing values
R ggplot2 Warning: Scale for 'fill' is already present - Replace existing
R Help - Error in if (NA) { : missing value where TRUE/FALSE needed
R Help (2 Examples) - Warning: invalid factor level, NA generated
R How to Fix: Error in plot.new() : figure margins too large (3 Examples)
R is.na Function Example (remove, replace, count, if else, is not NA)
R Loop Through Data Frame Columns & Rows (4 Examples) | for-, while- & repeat-Loops
R max and min Functions | 8 Examples: Remove NA Value, Two Vectors, Column & Row
R merge Error in fix.by(by.y, y) : 'by' must specify a uniquely valid column
R Merge Multiple Data Frames in List (2 Examples) | Base R vs. tidyverse
R NA – What are <Not Available> Values?
R outer Function | 4 Example Codes (Basic Application & User Defined)
R pairs & ggpairs Plot Functions | 5 Example Codes (Color, Labels, Panels & by Group)
R polygon Function | 6 Example Codes (Frequency & Density Plot)
R predict Error in eval(predvars, data, env) : numeric 'envir' arg not of length one
R predict() Warning message: 'newdata' had X rows but variables found have Y rows
R pretty Function | 3 Example Codes (Interval Sequence & Set Axis Labels of Plot)
R rbind Function Error: Names don't Match Previous Names (3 Examples)
R Replace Last Comma of Character with &-Sign (5 Examples)
R Replace NA with 0 (10 Examples for Data Frame, Vector & Column)
R scan Function (5 Example Codes) | Read Text or CSV File Line by Line
R Set Row & Column Names of Data with Unknown Dimension (Example)
R sink Function (3 Examples) | Export R output as txt & csv File
R substr & substring Functions | Examples: Remove, Replace, Match in String
R sweep Function | 3 Example Codes (Matrix Operation with MARGIN & STATS)
R transform Function (2 Example Codes) | Transformation of Data Frames
R union Function | 3 Example Codes (Two Vectors, Data Frames & Lists)
R unlist Function | 3 Example Codes (List of Vectors, Data Frame & String)
R Warning Message - In Ops.factor : not meaningful for factors (Example)
R Warning message in min & max: no non-missing arguments; returning Inf
R Warning Message in read.table: Incomplete Final Line Found by readTableHeader
R Warning Message: Condition Length > 1 Only First Element Will Be Used
R Warning message: In scan(file... : embedded nul(s) found in input
R Warning Message: NAs Introduced by Coercion (Example)
R Warning Message: Number of items to Replace is not Multiple of Length
R Warning: cannot remove prior installation of Package 'X'
R.Version Function in R (Examples) | Which Version is Currently Running?
Random Numbers in R (2 Examples) | Draw Randomly from Probability Distribution & Given Data
Randomize Vector in R (Example) | Shuffle & Mix Elements Randomly
Randomly Reorder Data Frame by Row and Column in R (2 Examples)
Rank Functions of dplyr Package in R (row_number, ntile, min_rank, dense_rank, percent_rank & cume_dist)
rbind Data Frames by Column Index in R (Example)
rbind in R | 3 Examples (Vector, Data Frame & rbind.fill for Missing Columns)
Read All Files in Directory & Apply Function to Each Data Frame in R (Example)
Read All Worksheets of Excel File into List in R (Example)
Read Fixed Width Text File in R (Example)
Read Only Header of File in R (2 Examples)
Read SPSS sav File into R (2 Examples)
Read TXT File with Spaces as Delimiter in R (Example)
Read xlsx & xls Excel File in R (6 Examples)
reader Package in R | Tutorial & Programming Examples
readLines, n.readLines & readline in R (6 Example Codes)
readxl Package in R | Tutorial & Programming Examples
recode & recode_factor R Functions of dplyr Package (2 Examples)
Reduce Space Around Plot in R (Examples)
Remove All Objects But One from Workspace in R (Example)
Remove All Special Characters from String in R (2 Examples)
Remove All White Space from Character String in R (2 Examples)
Remove All Whitespace in Each Data Frame Column in R (2 Examples)
Remove All-NA Columns from Data Frame in R (Example)
Remove Axis Labels & Ticks of ggplot2 Plot (R Programming Example)
Remove Axis Values of Plot in Base R (3 Examples)
Remove Border of ggplot2 geom_label Text Annotation in R (Example)
Remove Bottom N Rows from Data Frame in R (2 Examples)
Remove Characters Before or After Point in String in R (Example)
Remove Data Frame Columns by Name in R (6 Examples)
Remove Duplicated Rows from Data Frame in R (Example)
Remove Element from List in R (7 Example Codes) | How to Delete a List Component
Remove Empty Rows of Data Frame in R (2 Examples)
Remove First Row of Data Frame in R (Example)
Remove Grid, Background Color, Top & Right Borders from ggplot2 Plot in R (Example)
Remove Header from Data in R (Example)
Remove Intercept from Regression Model in R (2 Examples)
Remove Labels from ggplot2 Facet Plot in R (Example)
Remove Last N Elements of Vector in R (2 Examples)
Remove Leading and Trailing Zeros in R (5 Examples)
Remove Legend in ggplot2 (3 Example Codes) | Delete One or All Legends
Remove Legend Title from ggplot2 Plot in R (Example)
Remove Multiple Columns from data.table in R (Example)
Remove Multiple Data Objects Using rm Function in R (Example)
Remove Multiple Values from Vector in R (Example)
Remove NA Values from ggplot2 Plot in R (Example)
Remove NA Values from Vector in R (2 Examples)
Remove Newline from Character String in R (2 Examples)
Remove Outliers from Data Set in R (Example)
Remove Row & Column Names from Matrix in R (2 Examples)
Remove Rows with Any Zero Value in R (Example)
Remove Rows with NA in R Data Frame (6 Examples) | Some or All Missing
Remove Rows with NA Using dplyr Package in R (3 Examples)
Remove Vertical or Horizontal Gridlines in ggplot2 Plot in R (2 Examples)
Remove Working Directory Using R (Example)
Rename Data Object in R (2 Examples)
Rename Files Using R (Example)
Rename List Elements in R (2 Examples)
Reorder Boxplot in R (2 Examples)
Reorder Columns of Data Frame in R (4 Examples)
Reorder Facets in ggplot2 Plot in R (Example)
Reorder Levels of Factor without Changing Order of Values in R (Example)
rep Function in R (3 Examples)
Repeat Character String N Times in R (2 Examples)
Repeat Rows of Data Frame N Times in R (2 Examples)
repeat-Loop in R (2 Examples) | Writing & Running repeat-Statements
Replace 0 with NA in R (Example) | Changing Zero in Data Frame & Vector
Replace Blank by NA in R (2 Examples)
Replace Character Value with NA in R (2 Examples)
replace Function in R (Example)
Replace Inf with NA in Vector & Data Frame in R (Example)
Replace Missing Values by Column Mean in R (3 Examples)
Replace Multiple Letters with Accents in R (Example)
Replace NA with Last Observed Value in R (Example)
Replace Negative Values by Zero in R (2 Examples)
Replace Particular Value in Data Frame in R (2 Examples)
Replace Spaces in Column Names in R (2 Examples)
Replace Specific Characters in String in R (4 Examples)
Replace Value of Data Frame Variable Using dplyr Package in R (Example)
Replace Values in Data Frame Conditionally in R (4 Examples)
Replace Values in Factor Vector or Column in R (3 Examples)
Replace Values in Vector in R (2 Examples)
Replace X-Axis Values in R (Example) | How to Change & Customize Ticks
Report Missing Values in Data Frame in R (2 Examples)
Reset par to Default Values in R (Example)
Reshape Data Frame from Long to Wide Format in R (2 Examples)
Reshape Data Frame from Wide to Long Format in R (2 Examples)
Return Column Name of Largest Value for Each Row in R (Example)
Return Data Frame Row Based On Value in Column in R (Example)
Return Index Position of Element in Matrix Using which() Function in R (Example)
Return Multiple Objects from User-Defined Function in R (Example)
Return Value from R Function (3 Examples)
rev R Function | 3 Examples (Reverse of Vector, Data Frame by Column & by Row)
Reverse Axis Limits of Plot in Base R & ggplot2 (2 Examples)
robustbase Package in R | Tutorial & Programming Examples
Rotate Axis Labels of Base R Plot (3 Examples)
Rotate ggplot2 Axis Labels in R (2 Examples)
Round Numeric Columns of Data Frame with Character & Factor Variables in R (2 Examples)
Round Up to Nearest 10 or 100 in R (Example)
Rounding in R (4 Examples) | round, ceiling, floor, trunc & signif Functions
Run Multiple Regression Models in for-Loop in R (Example)
Run R Script within Other Scripts (2 Examples)
sample Function in R (6 Examples)
Sample Random Rows of Data Frame in R (2 Examples) | Select with Base R vs. dplyr Package
sample_n & sample_frac R Functions | Sample Data with dplyr Package
Save & Load RData Workspace Files in R (3 Examples)
Save All Console Input & Output to File in R (Example)
Save Plot in Data Object in Base R (Example)
Scale Bars of Stacked Barplot to a Sum of 100 Percent in R (2 Examples)
Scale Data to Range Between Two Values in R (4 Examples)
Scatterplot in R (10 Examples) | Create XYplot in Base R, ggplot2 & lattice
SDMTools Package in R | Tutorial & Programming Examples
select & rename R Functions of dplyr Package (2 Examples)
Select CRAN Mirror in R (2 Examples) | Manually Specify Repository
Select Data Frame Column Using Character Vector in R (Example)
Select Data Frame Columns by Logical Condition in R (2 Examples)
Select Data Frame Rows based on Values in Vector in R (4 Examples)
Select Data Frame Rows where Column Values are in Range in R (2 Examples)
Select First Element of Nested List in R (2 Examples)
Select First Row of Each Group in Data Frame in R (Example)
Select Last Column of Data Frame in R (2 Examples)
Select Multiple Elements from List in R (Example)
Select Odd & Even Rows & Columns from Data Frame in R (4 Examples)
Select Only Numeric Columns from Data Frame in R (Example)
Select Random Element from List in R (Example)
Select Row with Maximum or Minimum Value in Each Group in R (Example) | dplyr vs. data.table Packages
Select Rows if Value in One Column is Smaller Than in Another in R (Examples)
Select Rows with Partial String Match in R (2 Examples)
Select Second to Last Columns of Data Frame in R (2 Examples)
Select Subset of Data Table Columns in R (Example)
Select Top N Highest Values by Group in R (3 Examples)
seq Function in R (5 Examples)
Sequence of Alphabetical Character Letters from A-Z in R (3 Examples)
Set Area Margins of ggplot2 Plot in R (Example)
Set Axis Breaks of ggplot2 Plot in R (3 Examples)
Set Axis Limits in ggplot2 R Plot (3 Examples)
Set Axis Limits of ggplot2 Facet Plot in R (4 Examples) | Using facet_wrap & scales
Set Axis Limits of Plot in R (3 Examples)
Set Column Names when Using cbind Function in R (2 Examples)
Set ggplot2 Axis Limit Only on One Side in R (Example)
Set Legend Alpha of ggplot2 Plot in R (Example)
Set NA to Blank in R (2 Examples)
Set Number of Bins for Histogram in R (2 Examples)
Set Origin of ggplot2 Plot Axes to Zero in R (Example)
Set Working Directory to Source File Location Automatically vs. Manually in RStudio (2 Examples)
setNames vs. setnames in R (+ Examples) | stats & data.table Package
Shapiro-Wilk Normality Test in R (Example)
Show ggplot2 Legend at the Bottom of a Plot & Horizontally Aligned in R (Example)
sign Function in R (Example)
Simulate Bivariate & Multivariate Normal Distribution in R (2 Examples)
Skip for-Loop to Next Iteration in R (Example)
slice R Function of dplyr Package (Example)
Solve System of Equations in R (3 Examples) | Using solve() Function
Sort Data Frame by Multiple Columns in R (3 Examples)
Sort Data Frame in R (4 Examples)
Sort Matrix According to First Column in R (Example)
Sort Variables of Data Frame by Column Names in R (2 Examples)
Sort Vector Based on Values of Another in R (Example)
sort, order & rank R Functions | 6 Examples: Data Table, List & by Group Column
Specify Column Names for X & Y when Joining with dplyr Package in R (Example)
Specify Multiple Arguments in apply Functions in R (Example)
Specify Reference Factor Level in Linear Regression in R (Example)
Specify Row Names when Reading a File in R (Example)
split & unsplit Functions in R (2 Examples)
Split Character String at Whitespace in R (2 Examples)
Split Character String into Chunks in R (2 Examples)
Split Code Over Multiple Lines in R (3 Examples)
Split Data Frame in R (3 Examples) | Divide (Randomly) by Row & Column
Split Data Frame into Custom Bins in R (Example)
Split Data Frame into List of Data Frames Based On ID Column in R (Example)
Split Data Frame Variable into Multiple Columns in R (3 Examples) | Separate Character String Based on Delimiter
Split Data into Train & Test Sets in R (Example)
Split Vector into Chunks in R (2 Examples)
sprintf R Function (6 Example Codes)
Square Root in R (5 Examples) | Apply sqrt Function in R Studio
Standard Deviation in R (3 Examples) | Apply sd Function in R Studio
Standard Error in R (2 Examples)
Standardize Data Frame Columns in R (2 Examples) | scale Function
stats Package in R | Tutorial & Programming Examples
Stop for-Loop when Warnings Appear in R (Example)
Stop Running R Code with Keyboard Shortcut (Example)
Store Results of Loop in Data Frame in R (Example) | Save while- & for-Loops
Store Results of Loop in List in R (Example) | Save Output of while- & for-Loops
Store Results of Loop in Vector in R (Example) | Save Output of for-Loop in Array
str_c R Function of stringr Package (3 Example Codes)
str_count Function in R (stringr Package)
str_detect Function in R (stringr Package)
str_dup Function in R (stringr Package)
str_extract Function in R (stringr Package)
str_flatten Function in R (Example)
str_length Function in R (Example)
str_locate & str_locate_all Functions in R (2 Examples)
str_match & str_match_all Functions in R (2 Examples)
str_order & str_sort Functions in R (2 Examples)
str_remove & str_remove_all Functions in R (Example)
str_replace & str_replace_all Functions in R (2 Examples)
str_replace_na Function in R Programming (Example)
str_split & str_split_fixed Functions in R (2 Examples)
str_starts & str_ends Functions in R (2 Examples)
str_sub R Function of stringr Package (2 Examples)
str_subset & str_which Functions in R (2 Examples)
str_trim Function in R (Example)
str_trunc Function in R (Example)
str_wrap Function in R (Example)
stringr Package in R | Tutorial & Programming Examples
stringsAsFactors Argument of data frame Function in R (2 Examples)
strptime & strftime in R | 5 Example Codes (How to Set Year, Day, Hour & Time Zone)
strsplit Function in R (3 Examples) | How to Split a Character String
Student t distribution in R (4 Examples) | dt, pt, qt & rt Functions
Studentized Range Distribution in R (2 Examples) | ptukey & qtukey Functions
sub & gsub R Functions (2 Examples) | Replace One or Multiple Patterns
Subset Data Frame and Matrix by Row Names in R (2 Examples)
Subset Data Frame Between Two Dates in R (Example)
Subset Data Frame Rows Based On Factor Levels in R (2 Examples)
Subset Data Frame Rows by Logical Condition in R (5 Examples)
Substitute Data Frame Row Names by Values in Vector in R (2 Examples)
Sum Across Multiple Rows & Columns Using dplyr Package in R (2 Examples)
Sum by Group in R (2 Examples)
sum Function in R (3 Examples)
Sum of Two or Multiple Data Frame Columns in R (2 Examples)
Summarize Multiple Columns of data.table by Group in R (Example)
summary Function in R (3 Examples)
Sums of Rows & Columns in Data Frame or Matrix in R (2 Examples)
Suppress Output of Command in R (Example)
Suppress Warnings Globally in R (Example)
switch Statement in R (2 Examples) | How to Use the switch() Function
Test for Equality of All Vector Elements in R (2 Examples)
Test if Character is in String in R (2 Examples)
Test If List Element Exists in R (3 Examples)
Test if Vector Contains Given Element in R (Example)
The all & any R Functions | 4 Example Codes
The difftime R Function | 3 Examples (Return Time Difference in Days, Seconds or Weeks)
The dim Function in R (4 Examples)
The get Function in R (5 Examples)
The is.null Function in R (4 Examples)
The jitter R Function | 3 Example Codes (Basic Application & Boxplot Visualization)
The length Function in R (3 Examples for Vector, List & String)
The nchar R Function | 3 Examples (String, Vector & Error: nchar Requires a Character)
The ncol Function in R (3 Examples)
The nrow Function in R (4 Examples)
The pmax and pmin R Functions | 3 Examples (How to Handle Warnings & NA)
The segments R Function | 3 Example Codes
The setdiff R Function (3 Example Codes)
Time Difference Between Dates in Weeks, Days, Hours, Minutes & Seconds in R (5 Examples)
tolower, toupper, casefold & chartr R Functions (3 Examples)
top_n & top_frac R Functions of dplyr Package (2 Examples)
Transform ggplot2 Plot Axis to log10 Scale in R (Example)
Transparent Scatterplot Points in Base R & ggplot2 (2 Examples)
Transpose Data Frame in R (Example) | Rotate Matrix & Table with t Function
Trim Leading and Trailing Whitespace in R (Example for trimws Function)
Two Functions with Same Name in Different Packages in R (Example)
type.convert R Function (Example) | Type Conversion in R Programming
unique Function in R (2 Examples)
Unique Rows of Data Frame Based On Selected Columns in R (Example)
unit Function in R (Example) | How to Create a Unit Object with the grid Package
Unload Package without Restarting R (Example)
Use apply Function Only for Specific Data Frame Columns in R (Example)
Use Function in Each Row of Data Frame in R (2 Examples)
Use of Tilde ~ in R (Example)
Use Previous Row of data.table in R (2 Examples)
Using hjust & vjust to Move Elements in ggplot2 Plots in R (3 Examples)
Using tryCatch Function to Handle Errors & Warnings in R (3 Examples)
Variance in R (3 Examples) | Apply var Function with R Studio
Venn Diagram with Opacity in R (2 Examples)
Venn Diagram with Proportional Size in R (2 Examples)
Vincenty Ellipsoid Great Circle Distance in R (Example)
Vincenty Sphere Great Circle Distance in R (Example)
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Warning in R: The following objects are masked from package (Example)
Warning Message in R: argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
Warning Message in R: longer object length not multiple of shorter object
weekdays, months, quarters & julian Functions in R (4 Examples)
Weibull Distribution in R (4 Examples) | dweibull, pweibull, qweibull & rweibull Functions
Weighted Mean in R (5 Examples)
Weighted Sum in R (Example)
which Function in R (5 Examples)
while-Loop in R (2 Examples) | Writing, Running & Using while-Statement
Why & How to Set a Random Seed in R (Example) | set.seed Function Explained
Wilcoxon Signedank Statistic Distribution in R (4 Examples) | dsignrank, psignrank, qsignrank & rsignrank Functions
Wilcoxonank Sum Statistic Distribution in R (4 Examples) | dwilcox, pwilcox, qwilcox & rwilcox Functions
with & within Functions in R (2 Examples)
Write & Read Multiple CSV Files Using for-Loop in R (2 Examples)
Write Data Frame to SPSS .sav File in R (Example)
Write Data Frame without Header in R (Example)
write Function in R (2 Examples)
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Write xlsx & xls in R (4 Examples) | How to Export Data from R to Excel File
X. Prefix in Column Names when Reading Data Frame in R (Example)
xlsx Package in R | Tutorial & Programming Examples
Zoom into ggplot2 Plot without Removing Data in R (Example)
The Increasing Popularity of R Programming
Since the R programming language provides features for almost all statistical tasks without any costs for the user, R is rapidly growing since its release. Let’s check some numbers…
Graphic 1: Google Scholar Search Results for R Programming Filtered by Year
Reasons to Learn R
The pros:
+ R is free
+ R’s popularity is growing – More and more people will use it
+ Almost all statistical methods are available in R
+ New methods are implemented in add-on packages quickly
+ Algorithms for packages and functions are publicly available (transparency and reproducibility)
+ R provides a huge variety of graphical outputs
+ R is very flexible – Essentially everything can be modified for your personal needs
+ R is compatible with all operating systems (e.g. Windows, MAC, or Linux)
+ R has a huge community that is organized in forums to help each other (e.g. stackoverflow)
+ R is fun 🙂
The cons:
– Relatively high learning burden at the beginning (even though it’s worth it)
– No systematic validation of new packages and functions
– No company in the background that takes responsibility for errors in the code (this is especially important for public institutes)
– R is almost exclusively based on programming (no extensive drop-down menus such as in SPSS)
– R can have problems with computationally intensive tasks (only important for advanced users)
You are not sure yet, whether you should learn the R programming language? In that case, I can recommend the following video of the YouTube channel RenegadeThinking. The speaker provides you with many reasons, why it is advisable to learn R.
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Appendix
Appendix 1: R code for the creation of Graphic 1
year <- 2018:2000 # Years r_gs <- c(21600 * 2, 43300, 43100, 38100, 33200, 29800, # Google Scholar searches 28500, 25500, 22400, 19100, 15900, 12000, 8270, 5930, 3740, 2600, 1980, 1600, 1360) data <- data.frame(software = rep("R", 19), # Combine data year = year, searches = r_gs) ggplot(data) + # Create plot geom_point(aes(x = year, y = searches, color = software, shape = software)) + geom_line(aes(x = year, y = searches, color = software)) + theme(legend.title = element_blank(), legend.position = "none") + ggtitle("Google Scholar Search Results") + labs(x = "Year", y = "Search Results") + scale_y_continuous(labels = comma) |
year <- 2018:2000 # Years r_gs <- c(21600 * 2, 43300, 43100, 38100, 33200, 29800, # Google Scholar searches 28500, 25500, 22400, 19100, 15900, 12000, 8270, 5930, 3740, 2600, 1980, 1600, 1360) data <- data.frame(software = rep("R", 19), # Combine data year = year, searches = r_gs) ggplot(data) + # Create plot geom_point(aes(x = year, y = searches, color = software, shape = software)) + geom_line(aes(x = year, y = searches, color = software)) + theme(legend.title = element_blank(), legend.position = "none") + ggtitle("Google Scholar Search Results") + labs(x = "Year", y = "Search Results") + scale_y_continuous(labels = comma)
Appendix 2: How to create the header graphic of this page
par(mar = c(0, 0, 0, 0)) # Remove space around plot par(bg = "#1b98e0") # Set background color set.seed(10293847) # Seed N <- 100000 # Sample size x <- rnorm(N) # X variable y <- rnorm(N) + x # Correlated Y variable plot(x, y, col = "#353436", pch = 19, cex = 0.1 # Create plot , xlim = c(- 4, 4), ylim = c(- 7, 7)) text(0, 0, "R", col = "#1b98e0", cex = 12) # Write R points(0, 0, col = "#1b98e0", cex = 30, lwd = 5) # Create circles points(0, 0, col = "#1b98e0", cex = 50, lwd = 5) points(0, 0, col = "#1b98e0", cex = 70, lwd = 5) points(0, 0, col = "#1b98e0", cex = 90, lwd = 5) points(0, 0, col = "#1b98e0", cex = 110, lwd = 5) box(col="#1b98e0") # Color of box |
par(mar = c(0, 0, 0, 0)) # Remove space around plot par(bg = "#1b98e0") # Set background color set.seed(10293847) # Seed N <- 100000 # Sample size x <- rnorm(N) # X variable y <- rnorm(N) + x # Correlated Y variable plot(x, y, col = "#353436", pch = 19, cex = 0.1 # Create plot , xlim = c(- 4, 4), ylim = c(- 7, 7)) text(0, 0, "R", col = "#1b98e0", cex = 12) # Write R points(0, 0, col = "#1b98e0", cex = 30, lwd = 5) # Create circles points(0, 0, col = "#1b98e0", cex = 50, lwd = 5) points(0, 0, col = "#1b98e0", cex = 70, lwd = 5) points(0, 0, col = "#1b98e0", cex = 90, lwd = 5) points(0, 0, col = "#1b98e0",