Square Root in R (5 Examples) | Apply sqrt Function in R Studio

In this tutorial, I’m going to show you how to calculate the square root in R. The tutorial is mainly based on the sqrt function:

Basic R Syntax:

sqrt(x)

Definition:

The sqrt R function computes the square root of a numeric data object.

In the following article, I’ll show you five examples for the application of sqrt in the R programming language. Examples 1 and 2 illustrate the basic application of sqrt and Examples 3, 4, and 5 show some typical warnings and errors that can occur when sqrt is applied in a wrong way.

So without further ado, let’s get started!

Example 1: Calculate Square Root of Numeric Value in R

In the first example, I’m going to apply the sqrt function to a single numeric value. Let’s first create such a numeric data object:

x1 <- 16                                       # Data object containing numeric value

The exemplifying data object contains the value 16. Now, we can apply the sqrt R function to this numeric data object:

x1_sqrt <- sqrt(x1)                            # Apply sqrt to numeric value in R
x1_sqrt                                        # Return output to RStudio console
# 4

That’s it! The square root of 16 is equal to 4.

By the way: I have recently published a video, which explains the R programming code of Example 1 and the R programming code of Example 2 in more detail. Check out the video here:

Example 2: Apply sqrt Function to Vector

We can also apply the sqrt command to a numeric vector. Let’s create such a vector:

x2 <- c(5, 9, 12, 20, 3)                       # Create numeric vector

For a vector, we can use the same R code as in Example 1:

x2_sqrt <- sqrt(x2)                            # Apply sqrt to vector
x2_sqrt                                        # Return output to RStudio console
# 2.236068 3.000000 3.464102 4.472136 1.732051

2.236068 is the square root of 5; 3.000000 is the square root of 9; and so on…

Of cause we could also apply the sqrt function to a variable or column that is stored in a data.frame or matrix.

So far so good, but sometimes there might occur errors and warnings. In the following three examples, I’m going to show you which problems can appear and how to handle these problems.

Example 3: Warning message: In sqrt(x) : NaNs produced

A warning that occurs commonly is the following:

Warning message: In sqrt(x) : NaNs produced

This warning message pops up, whenever we try to calculate the square root of a negative value. Let’s do an example:

x3 <- - 10                                     # Negative value

When we try to calculate the square root of – 10, the following warning message is returned to the R Studio console:

sqrt(x3)                                       # Apply sqrt to negative value

Figure 1: Warning message: In sqrt(x) : NaNs produced.

One way to solve this issue is the combination of the abs function with the sqrt function, i.e. converting the negative value to its absolute value before applying sqrt:

x3_sqrt <- sqrt(abs(x3))                       # Apply abs & sqrt combined
x3_sqrt                                        # Return output to RStudio console
# 3.162278

However, it needs to be evaluated carefully whether this makes sense in your specific situation.

Example 4: Error in sqrt(x) : non-numeric argument to mathematical function

Even worse: Sometimes the sqrt function returns an error message:

Error in sqrt(x) : non-numeric argument to mathematical function

This error occurs, whenever we try to calculate the square root of a character string. Consider the following example character:

x4 <- "10"                                     # Create character object

If we apply the sqrt function to this character object, the R Studio console returns the following:

sqrt(x4)                                       # Apply sqrt to character

Figure 2: Error in sqrt(x) : non-numeric argument to mathematical function.

The solution? Just convert this character to numeric before computing the square root:

x4_sqrt <- sqrt(as.numeric(x4))                # Apply as.numeric & sqrt combined
x4_sqrt                                        # Return output to RStudio console
# 3.162278

Example 5: Error in Math.factor(x5) : ‘sqrt’ not meaningful for factors

A similar error appears when we try to compute the square root of data with the factor class:

Error in Math.factor(x5) : ‘sqrt’ not meaningful for factors

Let’s try that in practice. First, let’s create a factor…

x5 <- factor(10)                               # Create factor object

…and then let’s apply the sqrt R command to this factor:

sqrt(x5)                                       # Apply sqrt to factor

Figure 3: Error in Math.factor(x5) : ‘sqrt’ not meaningful for factors.

As expected: we get an error message. However, we can solve this issue simply by converting the factor to numeric:

x5_sqrt <- sqrt(as.numeric(as.character(x5)))  # as.numeric, as.character & sqrt
x5_sqrt                                        # Return output to RStudio console
# 3.162278

Video Tutorial: Manual Computation of the Square Root

In this R tutorial, we learned a lot about the programming routines that we can apply when calculating a square root. However, we have not learned much about the mathematical background itself. In case you want to learn more about the mathematics behind the square root, I can recommend the following video of the tecmath YouTube channel. The video explains some simple math tricks for the manual computation of the square root.

Further Reading

• The abs Function in R
• Convert Character to Numeric in R
• Convert Factor to Numeric in R
• The R Programming Language